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Pabulum
The Latin word for "fodder."  The Oxford English Dictionary defines pabulum in English as "bland intellectual fare" and "an insipid and undemanding diet of words."  [TH]

Paean
This word comes from ancient Greek and was a song of victory or a song sung by soldiers to one or more gods. It was also adapted into Latin as paean, and retained the same meaning as a hymn or chant of victory.  This word is cited by the OED as occurring in literature as early as 1589.  [MD]

Paraphernalia
In ancient Rome this was a legal term for a married woman's personal property.  When the word was first transferred into the English, it retained its original meaning.  Since changes in law have rendered that usage obsolete, it refers instead to things related to an activity.  [JC]

Pastor
A Latin masculine noun meaning "shepherd" or "herdsman."  In English, "pastor" refers to someone who is a minister or one who leads the congregation of a Christian church.
OED  [AM]  

Paterfamilias
In Latin this word refers to the male head of a household, and it was borrowed into English with the same meaning in 1475.
OED  [EB]

Pathos
An ancient Greek word meaning an incident, accident, or suffering that befalls one; it has the connotation in English of being something sad or sorrowful. Cited by the OED as occurring as early as 1579.  [MD]

Pauper
This Latin word means "a poor person," and was borrowed into English in 1516 with the same meaning.
OED  [EB]

Per
A Latin word which means "through," it retains this translation in English. "Per agreement," for example, simply means through or by an agreement.  Also used in the common phrase per annum, referring to one's yearly income.  [MD]

Phaeton
A particular style of carriage, which usually had two seats facing forward and was drawn by two horses.  The OED cites "phaeton" as being used in English as early as 1735 to refer to this type of carriage. However, the word comes from the name of the son of Helios (the Sun god), Phaethon, in Greek mythology.  One day Phaethon asked his father if he could drive his chariot, which led the sun on its path across the sky. Helios was convinced to let him attempt this feat, but Phaethon was too weak to hold the horses' reigns and the chariot careened out of control, almost striking the Earth and nearly setting it on fire. Zeus was so outraged that he killed the boy; in sorrow, his sisters turned into poplar trees who wept amber for their deceased brother.
OED
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.  Ed. William Smith.  Boston:  Little and Brown, 1849.  [MD]

Phasis
This is a word of ancient Greek origin, which literally means "assertion," but which also came to refer to the phases of the moon or aspects of a person or thing's appearance. Cited by the OED as first being used in 1660. [MD]

Preceptor
Latin, "instructor, tutor".  [JM]

Quota
A medieval Latin word derived from quot meaning "how many."  In English the word refers to the required (or maximum) amount of something or to an allotment.  [TH & RR] 

Rector
In Latin this word means "a ruler."  It was borrowed into English in 1225, and usually refers to a position in the Catholic and Anglican churches.
OED  [EB]

Rostrum
The Latin word for "beak."  A rostrum can also be the beak of a war ship.  For this reason the speakers' platform that once stood in the Roman Forum was called the rostrum:  the stand was surrounded by beaks from captured ships.  A rostrum, (in its English usage) is a platform.  By 1771 it begins to mean a pulpit.   [TH]

Sanctum
Sanctum is the neuter form of the Latin sanctus which means "holy."  As a Latin noun, it can mean "sanctuary."  It is also present in the phrase sanctum sanctorum, the Holy of Holies.  It comes to signify any sacred space in a church or cathedral. The OED cites it being used as early as 1577. 
OED [TH & MD]

Scene
From the Greek word skene, referring to the stage-building in front of which ancient actors would perform.  [RR]

Scintilla
This word comes from a Latin word meaning "a spark".  It was borrowed into English in a figurative sense by 1692.
OED  [EB]

Stigma
Greek, "mark, brand."  [JM]

Substratum
A form of the Latin word substernere meaning "to spread underneath."  The word substratum itself means "having been spread underneath."  Trollope uses the word to refer to an underlying layer.  [JC]

Succedaneum
Latin, meaning "a substitute."  [TH]

Successor
In 1297 English borrowed this Latin word and its original meaning, which refers to one who takes up another's position or office.
OED  [EB]

Syncope
This word ultimately comes from Greek, although it went through Latin before being adopted into English.  The Greek word sunkoptein meant "to cut short" and was a combination of the prefix syn- (meaning "with") and the verb koptein (meaning "to strike").  Trollope uses it to refer to a state of unconsciousness.  [JC]

Tapis
This Greek word literally refers to a cloth, usually with multiple colors and designs, which was used as a curtain, rug, or tapestry.  However, Trollope seems to use it to refer to a piece of furniture rather than a textile decoration. 
OED  [MD]

Tedium
The Latin origin of this word is taedium.  It means "weariness."  Tedium refers to a state of boredom or weariness caused by monotony or duration.  [TH & RR]

Tenor
Latin, "course, duration, tone, emphasis".  Comes to have the meaning of a habitual condition, quality, or nature either physical or non-physical.  [JM]

Testator
Latin, "witness, agent, author of a will" In English, one who has made a will. 
OED  [JM]

Tympanum
This word is originally taken from the Greek word tumpanon, meaning "drum."  It was then adopted into Latin (as tympanum) with the same meaning.  The word first came into English as the word for a specific part of the ear, now more commonly known as the "eardrum."  [JC]