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Actor
 In Latin this word means literally "a do-er" and can refer more specifically to someone who does a number of occupations.  In 1382 it was borrowed into English and has developed a similar breadth of meanings. 
OED  [EB]

Aegis
 This English word meaning "shield" is derived from the name of Zeus' legendary shield or armor in Greek mythology, which Athena often possessed.  It was borrowed into English in 1704.  It now refers to protection, guidance, or supervision.
OED  [EB]
Alma mater
A Latin phrase (translated literally as "nourishing mother") which was used by the Romans to refer to several of their goddesses, it has been adapted into English to refer to schools and their roles of educating individuals. The practice of teaching a person in an educational institution is similar to the process of being raised by a mother or guardian. 
OED  [MD]
Anathema
From the Greek ana, "up" + tithemi, "place, put upon".  Comes, in ecclesiastic usage, to signify damnation or excommunication.  Trollope sometimes uses this word with the Syriac-derived "marantha" as an exclamation.  
OED  [JM]

Antipodes
From Greek, plural of antipous; anti "against or in opposition to," pous "foot".  Can signify two people of opposing opinion or, as in this instance, people who live on the other side of the globe and thus figuratively with their "feet against" those of the ones opposing.
OED  [JM]

Apparatus
The word in Latin for equipment, preparations, or supplies means the same in English.  It is recorded first in English around 1638.
OED  [KD]
Aroma
The word "aroma" which in English primarily refers to a smell, ultimately comes from the Greek aroma which refers to an aromatic herb. 
American Heritage College Dictionary, 4th ed.  [JC]

Assessor
 An assessor, in both Latin and English, is an assistant to a judge or a person who determines taxes. 
OED  [KD]
Asylum
From Latin asylum meaning "place of refuge," which is itself derived from the Greek word asulon.  Trollope uses the word in reference to an asylum for the insane, where people with mental disorders are placed.  The Oxford English dictionary reports that the term "lunatic asylum" was first used in 1762. 
OED  [TH]
Automaton
An English word derived from the Latin word automaton.  Automaton is a substantive of the adjective automatus meaning "self-moving."  The Latin word itself comes from the Greek word automaton meaning "acting of itself." 
OED
Lexicons at  www.perseus.tufts.edu  [TH]

Basis
 Basis in Greek means the base, support, step, or foundation of something.  The meaning is the same in English with its first recorded use in 1571.
OED  [KD]
Cacoethes
From the Greek, kako, "bad" + ethes, "disposition"; a bad habit or desire.  
OED  [JM]
Carnifer
Literally means "meat-carrier" in Latin, and used by Trollope with that meaning.  [TH]
Catastrophe
From the Greek katastrophe, kata, "down" + strophein, "to turn". A sudden upset, turn or conclusion.  Comes to have the connotation of unpleasant ending or disaster. 
OED  [JM]

Censor
A censor was one of two Roman magistrates who made a register or census of the people in Rome.  In English the word usually refers to someone who approves, alters, or suppresses works intended for the public.  Censor was first recorded in English around 1607 in a work of Shakespeare.
OED  [KD & RR]

Creditor
 A Latin masculine noun meaning "lender" or "one to whom money is due".  [AM]
Decorum
A Latin word meaning "propriety" or "seemliness." It is cited by the OED as being used in English as early as 1568.  [MD]

Delirium tremens
A Latin phrase translated as "madness trembling," which has come to refer to a medical condition occuring from the intake of too much alcohol and resulting in the trembling of the body and a distortion of reality to the senses.  It is cited by the OED as occurring as early as 1813 and being originally used by Dr. Sutton.  [MD]

Desideratum
The neuter form of a Latin participle meaning "having been desired."  The English meaning is much the same:  it simply means something desired.  [TH]

Dictum
In Latin, dictum means "thing said."  It is first noted in English in 1706. 
OED  [TH]

Dilemma
A Greek word which has been adopted into English and refers to a difficult situation in which a person is trapped between two seemingly undesirable choices.  
OED  [MD]

Doctor
Latin, "teacher", but comes to mean in English one who is knowledgeable enough in something to teach it, or any learned person, and then later gains the special meaning of a practitioner of medicine. 
OED  [JM]

Emphasis
From the Greek noun meaning "reflection," "appearance," "exposition," and "significance."  [AM & RR]

Emporium
 An emporium, in Latin, is a market or center of trade. The meaning is the same in English.  It was first recorded in 1586.
OED  [KD]

Encomium
Latin, "praise, speech of praise," from Greek egkōmion.  [RR]

Epitome
Greek, literally meaning a surface cut, but coming to mean a shortening or abridgement; in English, can refer to a summary or to someone or something that is especially representative of its type  [RR]

Error
 A Latin masculine noun meaning "wandering," "uncertainty," or "deception".  [AM]

Eulogium
From medieval Latin, a blessing or praise. 
OED  [JM]

Exodus
 This word is taken from the Greek exodos, meaning "a going out."  It was adopted into English circa 1000 as the title of the book of the Bible describing the departure of the Jewish people from Egypt, and in 1623 it came into its more common usage of referring to a departure in general. 
OED  [EB]

Exordium
Latin, "beginning", particularly the beginning of any sort of treatise or discussion.  Sometimes used by Trollope humorously to describe the beginning to more mundane communications.  
OED  [JM]
 
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